Bayard Rustin (March 17, 1912 – August 24, 1987) was a lifelong socialist, one-time Communist, homosexual activist, and personal secretary to the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I would celebrate Bayard Rustin each and every day but on the twenty fourth day of Black History Month 2016 I want to especially celebrate and remember the gay, Black, male and Quaker activist who introduced Dr. MLK, Jr. and the civil rights movement to Ghandi and non-violence. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Carbado, Devon W., and Donald Weise, eds. After 1966 Rustin used his presidency of the A. Philip Randolph Institute to promote his Democratic-Socialist politics, particularly his belief that African American progress depends on a political coalition of African Americans and progressive whites united in their support of "A Freedom Budget for All Americans." After the war Rustin participated in India’s movement for independence from Britain, gaining an international reputation as a political strategist that took him to India to work for Gandhi’s Congress party and to Africa to assist Kwame Nkrumah, an activist for African self-rule who became the first prime minister of the Gold Coast. 1997. Civil rights leader (December 21, 2020). Story at a glance. . ." Montgomery to get a firsthand look, but he did not stay long. Rustin’s sexuality, or at least his embarrassingly public criminal charge, was criticized by some fellow pacifists and civil-rights leaders. Early in the 1950s Rustin became active in the movement of African nationalists seeking independence from European colonialism and also headed the pacifist War Resisters League. George, Carol "Rustin, Bayard One of 12 children, Bayard Rustin was born on March 17, 1910, in West Chester, Pennsylvania, a small town near Philadelphia where the Quakers had established a colony of Black freedmen before the Civil War. . In 1931 he left Pennsylvania to live with a relative in New York, where his vocal talent earned him irregular work as a cafe singer in Greenwich Village. He began his pursuit of social justice by joining the Young Communists League. Troubles I’ve Seen, a Biography. Rustin’s career as a nonviolent direct activist was interrupted in 1943, when, as a conscientious objector to World War II, he chose prison over hospital duties and spent the remainder of the war in the Lewisburg Penitentiary. Bayard Rustin (1912-1987) was a leading strategist of the Civil Rights Movement. . After graduating from West Chester High School as an honor student and three-letter star athlete, he drifted about the United States doing odd jobs and periodically studying history and literature at Cheney State Teachers College and Wilberforce University. Bayard Rustin ES Facilities Assessment Report School Audits Independent Activity Funds (IAF) are established to promote the general welfare, education, and morale of students, as well as to finance the recognized extracurricular activities of the student body. In the late 1950s, Rustin helped draft King’speeches and articles, and he coordinated his public appearances. In the mid-1930s, seeking an organization that shared his opposition to war and racism, he joined the Young Communist League (YCL). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rustin-bayard, George, Carol "Rustin, Bayard Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rustin-bayard-1910-1987. In 1964 Rustin was appointed executive director of the A. Philip Randolph Institute, a liberal “think tank” sponsored by the AFL-CIO labor organization in the hope of developing cures for social ills. Aug 7, 2019 - Explore Donna's board "Bayard Rustin", followed by 186 people on Pinterest. Born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, on March 17, 1912, Rustin served as Martin Luther King Jr.’s political adviser and as the organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Because of focal changes effected by Randolph’efforts to cement the participation of King and other leaders, President Kennedy publicly endorsed the March in July. . Contemporary Black Biography. He was named executive director of the A. Philip Randolph Institute in 1964, while continuing to lead protests against militarism and segregation. Rustin and his fellow riders were beaten and arrested, and Rustin spent twenty-two days on a North Carolina chain gang as the result of a bungled defense by NAACP lawyers. In 1948 he directed A. Philip Randolph's Committee Against Discrimination in the Armed Forces, which helped to persuade President Harry S. Truman to issue an executive order banning racial segregation in the military. Bayard Rustin (right) talks to a reporter during the Harlem Riots in Manhattan in July 1964. He recognized Martin Luther King, Jr.’s leadership, and helped to organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to strengthen King’s leadership; Rustin promoted the philosophy of nonviolence and the practices of nonviolent resistance, which he had observed while working with Gandhi’s movement in India. Bayard Rustin, Time on Two Crosses: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin, edited by Devon W. Carbado and Donald Weise (San Francisco: Cleis Press, 2003). Encyclopedia.com. Disillusioned but undaunted, Rustin appealed to the venerated black labor leader A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. The new organization, he felt, must be led by southern blacks, just as the boycott had been—which left Rustin himself in an awkward situation, as he was a northern black, an outsider even in the organization he helped create. Rustin was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania and was brought up by his grandmother, who had been raised as a Quaker. Elegant in diction and dress, with the poise and manners of an aristocrat, Rustin was a connoisseur of African art and European antiques. New York: Columbia University Press. Increasingly, this work led Rustin away from a strict focus on civil rights and toward international human rights issues. To those younger blacks who advocated racial separatism, Rustin replied that without equal rights for all Americans no separatist movement could hope to maintain its political power. Roy Wilkins of the NAACP and Whitney Young of the National Urban League sought to de-emphasize civil disobedience and militancy in fear that such action would threaten President Kennedy’proposed civil rights legislation. Down the Line: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, however, the American Communist party shifted its emphasis from the domestic to the international front and essentially halted its agitation for racial reform in the United States. In addition, his pre-1941 Communist Party affiliation when he was a young man was controversial. Bayard Rustin (1912-1987) is not a well-known figure in the history of the American Civil Rights Movement. It was initiated by a generous gift from Friends for … After the end of World War II Rustin became chairman of the Free India Committee and later went to India to study the Gandhi movement's nonviolent civil disobedience. _____, Ed Edwin, and Walter Neagle. After a youth grounded in his grandmother’s Quaker teachings, Rustin began college in 1932 at Wilberforce University, but he transferred to Cheney State Teachers’ College two years later. ." The following year, with James Farmer, he helped to form the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to challenge Jim Crow by nonviolent direct action. Rustin’s grandmother was a Quaker who instilled in Rustin a sense of commitment to social justice. Despite his continued allegiance to the radical principles at the heart of his thought—which called for a total restructuring of political, economic, and social institutions—Rustin always insisted on the importance of the vote, strong labor unions, and coalition politics. Rustin became a leading strategist of the civil rights movement from 1955 to 1968. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Rustin resigned from SCLC; he continued, however, to serve as a leading political adviser to King, and he remained influential in the SCLC’s affairs until King’s death in 1968. The Bayard Rustin Fund: A Travel Support Fund for People of Color This fund is intended to be used to support People of Color's travel to FGC sponsored meetings and other activities, including the Summer Gathering. Contemporary Black Biography. NAACP leaders such as W.E.B. His continuing visible role in racial policies brought him additional arrests and beatings. John Whiteclay Chambers II "Rustin, Bayard He was a strong believer in the nonviolent tactics of Gandhi, and he counseled Martin Luther King, Jr. George, Carol "Rustin, Bayard In 1947 he worked closely with Randolph again in a movement opposing universal military training and a segregated military, and he once again believed Randolph wrong in abandoning his strategies when met with a presidential executive order intended to correct the injustice. Working with the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Rustin orchestrated the Journey of Reconciliation, which involved sixteen CORE members traveling by bus between southern cities in order to test a recent Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rustin-bayard. [1][2] He counseled Martin Luther King, Jr. on the techniques of nonviolent resistance. Rustin felt that the organizational principles of CORE had been flawed, in that its interracial composition had opened the door to domination by well-meaning white members. Organizer, Young Communist League, 1936-41 (resigned from party, 1941); Fellowship of Reconciliation, Chicago, IL, youth secretary, 1941, race relations director, 1942-53; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), field secretary and co-founder, 1942; jailed as a conscienti… Rustin was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Here he parted with King, who still believed in the power of mass demonstrations. Our…, We are a thriving, multi-campus coastal university delivering innovative career-focused courses at undergraduate and postgraduate degree level and…, The University of Lincoln’s award-winning city centre campus provides a modern student-centred environment. To finance a return trip to Africa, Rustin commenced a speaking tour of the United States. During this period of active outreach, Rustin also became publicly vocal about his gay identity, challenging the civil rights establishment to adopt an agenda more inclusive of black gay men and lesbians and urging community leaders to respond to the ravages of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Bayard Rustin was a brilliant strategist, pacifist, and forward-thinking civil rights activist during the middle of the 20th century. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. Bayard (Bi-yard) Rustin was born into the world, on March 17, 1912, and we lost him on August 24, 1987. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Julia Rustin, an active member of the NAACP, and a Quaker, imparted the values … He formed an organization called In Friendship in March 1956, and he publishing King’s writings in the journal Liberation. Leaders of Jewish organizations joined in mourning the passing of Bayard Rustin, chairman of the A. Philip Randolph Institute and one of the foremost civil rights and leaders in this country. 2003. ." That event was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, and it was the first time I’d heard the name Bayard Rustin, who was instrumental in organizing this historic event. Adam Clayton Powell Jr., an African-American congressman, threatened to announce to the press a fabricated gay coupling between Rustin and King unless they halted plans for a march at the Democratic National Convention. Although it was King who was catapulted into a position of national leadership by the boycott, it was Rustin, a man twenty years King’s senior, who provided much of the organizational know-how, political savvy, and theoretical underpinning for King’s civil rights victories. 1988. Anderson, Jervis. Bayard Rustin (right) talks to a reporter during the Harlem Riots in Manhattan in July 1964. Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson were frequent guests in the Rustin home. Shortly after his arrival several local black organizers telephoned A. Philip Randolph to express their fear that Rustin’s presence in Montgomery would prove a liability to their cause. Toward the end of his life, he also became increasingly open about his homosexuality and spoke out in favor of equal rights for gays and lesbians. Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. However, when Montgomery commissioners charged civil rights leaders for illegal organizing, it was Rustin who proposed that the accused turn themselves in to authorities before arrest warrants were issued. As the FOR youth secretary, and then as director of its Department of Race Relations, Rustin served as an organizer for A. Philip Randolph's 1941 March on Washington. A conscientious objector to military service, Rustin was imprisoned for resisting the draft in 1943 and served nearly two and a half years in the Ashland Correction Institute and Lewisburg Penitentiary. The Reminiscences of Bayard Rustin. These travels brought him to Africa, where he discovered a sense of kinship that kept him committed to African politics and decolonization efforts. 1971. Arrested in North Carolina, Rustin served 22 days on a chain gang. https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rustin-bayard-1910-1987, Martin, Jonathan "Rustin, Bayard 1910–1987 Bayard Rustin and the Civil Rights Movement. In 1941 Rustin left the YCL and began a 12-year association with the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), a pacifist, religious organization devoted to solving world problems through nonviolent means. Time on Two Crosses: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. After leading several civil-disobedience campaigns, Rustin fell under the scrutiny of prison officials, and when inmates complained about Rustin’s sexual relationships with other men, he was placed in isolation. His public personality and organizing skills subsequently brought him to the attention of A. Philip Randolph, who recruited him to help develop his plans for a massive March on Washington to secure equal access to defense jobs. "On the Economic Condition of Blacks." This did not end Rustin’s civil rights career, however. ." (December 21, 2020). In 1964, in the largest civil rights demonstration ever, he mobilized a boycott of the New York City public schools to protest racial imbalance. Rustin was raised in Pennsylvania by his grandparents. Randolph’s support was well founded. The march was equally a personal triumph for Rustin, who in seven weeks had orchestrated the largest public protest in American history. Awards: Man of the Year Award, NAACP Pittsburgh branch, 1965; Eleanor Roosevelt Award, Trade Union Leadership Council, 1966; Liberty Bell Award, Howard University Law School, 1967; John Dewey Award, United Federation of Teachers, 1968; Family of Man Award, National Council of Churches, 1969; John F. Kennedy Award, National Council of Jewish Women, 1971; Lyndon Johnson Award, Urban League, 1974; Murray Green Award, AFL-CIO, 1980; Stephen Wise Award, Jewish Committee, 1981; John La Farge Memorial Award, Catholic Interracial Council of New York, 1981; Defender of Jerusalem Award, 1987; honorary degrees from Clark College, Montclair State College, New School for Social Research, and Brown, Harvard, Columbia, New York, and Yale universities. Rustin organized the 1963 March on Washington and it was Rustin’s understanding and teaching of non-violence and unwavering commitment to non-discrimination that became the framework through which Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. lead. After the passage of the civil-rights legislation of 1964–65, Rustin focused attention on the economic problems of working-class and unemployed African Americans, suggesting that the civil-rights movement had left its period of “protest” and had entered an era of “politics”, in which the Black community had to ally with the labour movement. In his nearly half a century struggle for peace, civil rights, and economic justice, Rustin was arrested more than 20 times. Americans for its affirmation of equality between the races, and Rustin was only one of many black intellectuals to embrace its philosophy for a period of time. When the party’s Central Committee insisted that Rustin stop his anti-segregation work, he resigned from the party. He was on a humanitarian mission in Haiti when he died in 1987. Born March 17,1910, in West Chester, PA; died of a heart attack, August 24, 1987, in New York City. San Francisco: Cleis Press. New York: Columbia University Oral History Research Office. Bayard Rustin died from a ruptured appendix on August 24, 1987 at the age of 75. He was the author of Down the Line (1971), Strategies for Freedom (1976), and Which Way Out? Encyclopedia.com. In the summer of 1942, refusing to sit in the black section of a bus going from Louisville, Kentucky, to Nashville, Tennessee, he was beaten and arrested. Following his release, in 1947, he proposed that a racially integrated group of sixteen FOR/CORE activists undertake a bus trip through the Upper South to test a recent Supreme Court decision on interstate travel. He was a proud Black man, a proud gay man, a master organizer, a public intellectual, a tireless resister, teacher and enactor of change. At Rustin’s urging, John Lewis of the SNCC modified his speech to eliminate what Wilkins perceived as inflammatory comments. “I Have a Dream” True to its grassroots origins, the SCLC was organized at the regional level and allotted membership status only to groups, not individuals. He is credited as the chief organizer of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Encyclopedia.com. Civil rights advocate Bayard Rustin was arrested in California for having consensual same-sex relations and charged with vagrancy. Civil rights leader Rustin is sometimes credited with persuading Randolph to accept nonviolence as a strategy. Encyclopedia.com. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Further, when the SCLC complained that Rustin had purposely marginalized King by placing him last in the program, he explained that each of the other speakers had asked not to follow King. Woodward, C. Vann, ed. 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In April of 1969, when James Forman presented the Black Manifesto, a public call for reparations to the Afric…, James Luther Bevel (born 1936) was a civil rights activist of the 1960s who aligned himself with Martin Luther King, Jr. Now possessed of a reputation as an activist in the politics of race, Rustin was able to offer advice to the members of the FOR cell who became the nucleus for a new nonviolent action organization, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Following a humanitarian trip to Haiti, Rustin died from cardiac arrest on August 24, 1987, at the age of seventy-five. 2006. Tall, thin, usually bushy-haired, and with an acquired West Indian accent, Rustin was noticed wherever he appeared. (December 21, 2020). Bayard Rustin lends his name to two educational institutions, including a high school in West Chester, Pennsylvania. 2003. In addition to providing behind-the-scenes diplomacy, Rustin drafted multiple manuals to guide march organizers, engaged in group training sessions, and recruited a troop of plain-clothes black police officers to ensure peace during the march. He grew up in West Chester, Pennsylvania, in a family of nine children; the household was headed by a pair of caterers. Strategies for Freedom: The Changing Patterns of Black Protest, Columbia University Press, 1976. At the heart of CORE’s philosophy was the idea of “nonviolent direct action,” an American adaptation of the principle of Satyagraha, the “soul force” exercised by Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in their struggle for independence from Britain. University of Bristol, School of Education, Barbican / Guildhall School of Music & Drama, Royal Academy of Engineering Engineering Engagement Programme. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bayard-rustin. This can only be achieved through a partnership approach and by building partnerships with our clients we provide the effective services that meet their needs. Rustin joined the Young Communist League, whose leaders recognized him as a good organizer who could appeal to other young blacks; they appointed him a youth recruiter for the party. It’s made up of impressive full-time Regulars…, Our National Graduate Leadership Programme offers you a career opportunity like no other: developing leadership skills in a…, We know that diverse organisations understand their customers better and make better decisions, so we’re committed to creating…, Kent Police aims to be an employer of choice, developing a workforce which reflects the diversity of our…, The UK engineering industry accounts for almost a quarter of the turnover of all UK businesses. 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