Both showed signs of Zika fever and Dr. Foy's wife saw what she believed to be blood in his semen. Group: Group IV ((+) ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: Zika virus. Intro to viruses. Here, we show that Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2A protein recruits genomic RNA, the structural protein prM/E complex, and the … CNN- Five things you need to know about Zika. The virus particles are spherical and small in size (approximately 50 nm in diameter) with an electron-dense core approximately 30 nm in diameter. Created by Derek Lehman, student of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma. ZIKV was first isolated from monkeys in the Zika forest in Uganda in 1947. [3], After returning from a research mission to Senegal, Dr. Brian Foy of the University of Colorado appeared to have passed ZIKV to his wife after sexual intercourse in 2008. Additionally, the virus requires a 2-week life cycle in mosquito hosts before infecting humans and Foy's wife showed symptoms merely 10 days upon his return. IgM for ZIKV is typically detectable around 3-5 days after infection, but cross-reactivity with closely related dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses are possible. Only recently has it caused explosive outbreaks in previously unaffected regions, first in Oceania and then in the Americas since 2015. Animal & human viruses. The RNA contains 10,794 nucleotides encoding 3,419 amino acids.The virus is inactivated by ether, sodium dexoxycholate and chloroform. (2014) Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Zika virus (ZIKV) has reemerged recently to cause serious human disease. However, Dr. Tom Frieden, director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that "There isn't any doubt that Zika causes microcephaly." The Zika virus is a positive sense single-stranded RNA molecule 10794 bases long [2] with two non-coding regions flanking regions known as the 5' NCR and the 3' NCR. [7], In addition to sexual contact, studies have shown that ZIKV can reside in blood transfusions and they can be a possible vector for human-to-human transmission. [4] ZIKV is closely related to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as the dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. For Zika virus, there is no known benefit to the host as a result of infection but not all infections result in Zika fever. Circumstantial evidence suggests that sexual contact was the mode of transmission due to the high unlikeliness that Foy's wife was bitten by the tropical Aedes mosquito in Colorado. The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a major public health threat has focused research on understanding virus biology and developing a suite of strategies for disease intervention. Experts do not know how the virus enters the placenta and damages the growing brain of the fetus. [5] The surface proteins are arranged in an icosohedral-like symmetry. [3], Diagnosis for ZIKV infection include PCR tests to detect viral RNA as well as additional tests to detect ZIKV antibody (IgM) in serum. Enveloped, spherical, about 50 nm in diameter. The open reading frame of the Zika virus reads as follows: 5′-C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-N​S5-3′ and codes for a polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into capsid (C), precursor membrane (prM), envelope (E), and non-structural proteins (NS). Viruses. Casadevall A, Pirofski L. (2003) The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis. In 1973, a patient with Zika fever presented with fever, joint pain, and headache but the rash was absent. Transmission of ZIKV in nature is thought to follow that of other closely related flaviviruses. Yan-Jang H, Higgs S, Horne K, Vanlandingham D. (2014) Flavivirus-Mosquito Interactions. For best diagnosis practices, serum samples should be analyzed as early as possible with a second test 2 to 3 weeks after that. There are 3174 cases and 38 deaths from microcephaly in Brazil as of 21 October 2015. E (blue) consists of two transmembrane helices [ (E)TM], two membrane-associated helices (EH), and three globular ectodomains (EDI, EDII, EDIII). A host-cell derived membrane lies sandwiched between the envelope proteins and the inner core. Recent advances in cryoelectron microscopy have accelerated structure-function studies of … Vox Media, Inc.- Zika virus, explained in 6 charts and maps. Nucleocapsid is 25-30 nm in diameter surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid bilayer. Zika virus attracted increased attention in spring 2015, when a new outbreak, first registered in Brazil, spilled over the whole Southern America and travellers carried the disease to U… The pathogenesis of the virus is hypothesized to start with an infection of dendritic cells near the site of inoculation, followed by a spread to lymph nodes and the bloodstream. Mature virions contain two virus-encoded membrane proteins (M and E), while immature virions contain a membrane protein precursor. Replication then takes place at intracellular compartments known as cytoplasmic viral factories in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in a dsRNA genome. [6], The structure of ZIKV follows that of other flaviviruses. The structure of Zika virus is similar to other known flavivirus structures, except for the ~10 amino acids that surround the Asn (154) glycosylation site in each of the 180 envelope glycoproteins that make up the icosahedral shell. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Chambers T, Hahn C, Galler R, Rice C. (1990) Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication. (2015) Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Patients with Zika fever should remain hydrated and rest. Cryo-EM structure of immature Zika virus. In all cases, symptoms were mild and typically self-resolved in the course of a week without the need for hospitalization or risk of severe complications. It helps in the direct detection of Zika virus RNA or specific viral antigens in clinical specimens. Flaviviruses generally replicate in the cytoplasm, but Zika virus antigens have been found in infected cell nuclei. The biology of Zika virus. This is the currently selected item. Different outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. Graphics showing the structure of Zika Virus particles. Symptoms are similar to that of dengue or chikungunya. Non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. In May 2015 an outbreak of Zika virus began in Brazil and spread to much of Central and South America. The New York Times Company- Short Answers to Hard Questions About Zika Virus. … In addition, a fever was present as well as back pain and a general feeling of malaise. Countries and territories with active Zika virus transmission as of Jan 2016. Zika Virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne emerging flavivirus which was first identified in Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys. In 2015, Zika virus RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid of two fetuses, indicating that it had crossed the placenta and could cause a mother-to-child infection. The capsid protein is basically a protein shell of a virus, not specifically zika virus. On the contrary, vertical transmission is the result of mosquito populations passing on the virus to their offspring. However, in 2007, the first-recorded small-scale outbreak of ZIKV appeared on Yap Island, Micronesia, in which 73% of Yap residents were infected. [5] Located in the 3' NCR are 428 nucleotides that may play a part in translation, RNA packaging, cyclization, genome stabilization, and recognition. Microbeonline- Zika virus: Transmission, Pathogenesis, symptoms and laboratory diagnosis. Figure 8. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major human pathogen and member of the Flavivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. Flaviviridae is a family of viruses.Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. The flavivirus virion consists of an envelope outer layer, formed by envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins on a lipid bilayer, and an internal core, formed by capsid (C) protein and genomic RNA. Zika is an emerging threat, because it has been linked to birth defects (microcephaly). Given that ZIKV is transmitted by mosquitoes, it is advocated by the CDC to use insect repellent, long sleeved-clothing, and intervention in reducing the number of mosquito vectors. Learn about the basic biology, origins, life cycle, and symptoms of Zika virus. These are closely related mosquito-borne viruses with about 40% homology within the envelope protein. [3] However, one study showed antibody to ZIKV in rodents. Guardian News and Media Limited- Zika virus: what travellers need to know. Transmission occurs when an infected vector feeds on a host. [4]. Assemblage de la capside virale et formation d une nucléocapside.....38 Figure 11. Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. It is then translated into a polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved to form all structural and non-structural proteins. Hayes E. (2009) Zika Virus Outside Africa. First, the virion attaches to the host cell membrane receptors via the envelope protein which induces virion endocytosis. It contains a nucleocapsid approximately 25-30 nm in diameter surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid bilayer that contains envelope proteins E and M. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. The virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus macaque in the Zika Forest of Uganda. [2] NS1, NS3, and NS5 are large, highly-conserved proteins while the NS2A, NS2B, NS4A, and NS4B proteins are smaller, hydrophobic proteins. [9] Studies show that the incubation time for ZIKV in mosquito vectors is approximately 10 days. The near atomic structure of ZIKV was solved using cryo-EM by 2 groups independently at 3.8 and 3.7 Å resolution and was found consistent with structures seen for other flaviviruses [1, 2]. Illustration of medicine, health, infographic - 67134162 There are 52 recorded species in the flavivirus genus, many of which cause widespread morbidity and mortality of humans (Lindenbach and Rice, 2003 Pan American Health Organization- Zika Virus Infection. 15 Apr. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Zika_virus&oldid=123437, Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma. The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus, the type virus of Flaviviridae; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. The first major outbreak, with 185 confirmed cases, was reported in 2007 in the Yap Islands. This is important since the Zika virus can cause devastating congenital Zika syndromes in pregnant women and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Reducing mosquito populations and avoiding bites, which occur mainly during the day. This method of classification takes into account that microbial infection doesn't always result in disease for host with healthy immune systems, but can for immunocompromised individuals. The surface proteins are arranged in an icosohedral-like symmetry. The biology of Zika virus. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, which consists of arthropod-borne, lipid-enveloped, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). These symptoms are mild and usually last for 2-7 days. [8] Due to the oddity of transmission through sexual contact, further studies should be conducted to identify all possible reservoirs and insect vectors to further understand ZIKV transmission. [6], The reproductive cycle of ZIKV follows that of other known flaviviruses. (123RF, 2019) As seen above this is the structure of the zika virus. Bacteriophages. In Brazil in May 2015, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an alert regarding the first confirmed Zika virus infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)- Zika Virus. [5] The E protein composes the majority of the virion surface and is involved with aspects of replication such as host cell binding and membrane fusion. Le virus Zika est l'agent infectieux à l'origine, chez l'homme, de l'infection à virus Zika.Il s'agit d'un virus à ARN monocaténaire de polarité positive, relevant donc du groupe IV de la classification Baltimore, et appartenant au genre Flavivirus.Il est notamment apparenté aux virus de la dengue, de la fièvre jaune, de l'encéphalite japonaise et du Nil occidental [3]. [6], Since its first detection in Uganda, ZIKV has appeared in the following countries of Africa and Asia: Gabon, Egypt, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Central African Republic, Cambodia, Micronesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia. Another way to look at ZIKV infection would be to plot a chart of damage versus time. WHO, Media Centre, Fact sheets- Zika virus. This is considered to be a Class 2 pathogen. As a result, the CDC issued travel advisories for those traveling to affected areas. Thomson Reuters, 19 Jan. 2016. [3] ZIKV causes a disease known as Zika fever, which is characterized by a macropapular rash covering the body, fever, joint pain, and malaise. [3] Horizontal transmission is the terminology given to transmission of viruses from mosquito vectors to mammalian hosts. Zika virus is not as deadly, however, more than one and a half million people were infected since the beginning of the current outbreak [4]. Five years later cases of the fever were registered in humans in Uganda and Tanzania, subsequently, outbreaks occurred not only in Africa but in Asia as well. Zika symptoms are similar to the symptoms of Dengue in a mild form: fever, rash, muscle and joint pain, headache and conjunctivitis [7]. The structure of Zika virus virion particle and genome, infographic template. [12] A horizontal line down the middle of the graph represents an asymptomatic infection where the host is neither damaged or receives any benefit. At first it was believed that Foy had contracted dengue fever, but after Kobylinski had an encounter with medical entomologist Andrew Haddow who had experience with ZIKV, tests were run that confirmed all three patients possessed antibody for ZIKV. [3] Since then, multiple studies have confirmed ZIKV antibody in humans from a multitude of countries in Africa and parts of Asia. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus and it can be transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes as well as by sexual interactions. If the trend moves toward the top of the graph the host is experiencing damage while if the trend migrates toward the bottom of the graph the host and pathogen are in a state of commensalism. During outbreaks, health authorities may advise that spraying of insecticides be carried out. The most dangerous time is thought to be during the first trimester of Pregnancy– when some women do not realize they are pregnant. Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. Its infection is caused by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, usually causing mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and muscle pain. | Order = Unassigned Zika virions are typically icosahedral-shaped. 10794 bases long with two non-coding regions flanking regions known as the 5′ NCR and the 3′ NCR. It protects the nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes, it also has these special sites that will allow the virion to … [2] In 1968, isolation from human hosts occurred in residents of Nigeria. The dsRNA genome is then transcribed resulting in additional ssRNA genomes. Zika virions are comprised of an envelope and a nucleocapsid. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the immature ZIKV at 9-Å resolution. [10], Zika fever is the disease associated with ZIKV infection. [7] In nature, reservoirs for ZIKV virus are restricted to primates. CBC Radio Canada- Zika virus: what you need to know. Affected Countries: Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Suriname, and Venezuela. Zika virus is transmitted from one people to another through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, mainly. It contains a nucleocapsid approximately 25-30 nm in diameter surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid bilayer that contains envelope proteins E and M. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. The surface proteins are arranged in an icosahedral-like symmetry. There has been one report of possible spread of the virus through blood transfusion and one report of possible spread of the virus through sexual contact. [2] The 3' NCR forms a loop structure and the 5' NCR allows translation via a methylated nucleotide cap or a genome-linked protein. Figure 1.3: Zika virus structure. Darwish M, Hoogstraal H, Roberts T, Ahmed I, Omar F. (1983) A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. Additionally, the damage response framework method of classification explores the possibility that colonization by a certain microbial species could provide a benefit to the host so long as the microbial population is kept in check. However, a recent case shows that human-to-human contact is possible, which would make it the first time an insect-borne disease was passed via sexual contact. [3] Additionally, due to recent studies that show the possibility of sexual transmission, safe sex practices are also encouraged. Dengue and Zika virus epidemics have been lapping each other around the globe. The virion surface contains envelope protein (E) dimers and membrane (M) proteins in icosahedral-like symmetry. In 2013, a large-scale … Acetaminophen can be prescribed to combat fever. The structure of the so-called “mature virus” bears resemblance to a golf ball in that the major surface protein E lies parallel to the viral membrane, thus presenting a rather smooth surface (Figure 2A and B). Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structural studies revealed that the ZIKV particle has two unique features: a protruding N154 glycosylation site and a … The first cases confirmed in Brazil was in May 2015 and the country is currently experiencing the largest epidemic ever recorded with 440,000 to 1,300,000 suspected cases reported by the Brazilian health authorities. The cryo-EM map was fitted with the crystal structures of the precursor membrane and envelope glycoproteins and was shown to be similar to the structures of other known immature flaviviruses. Zika fever is known since 1947 when it was discovered in a rhesus monkey in Uganda . Avoid travel to areas with an active infestation. Another outbreak in Indonesia resulted in all 7 victims showing fever, but varying additional symptoms ranging from abdominal pain and dizziness to diarrhea and anorexia but no signs of rash. [3], Presently, there is no vaccine for ZIKV or treatment for Zika fever. only precautionary measures like, keeping ourselves away from mosquito bites, by keeping the surroundings clean. Serology Test: It detect the presence of antibodies but are useful only after five days. | Genus = Flavivirus Physical properties of virion. Travelers should take the basic precautions to protect themselves from mosquito bites. The viral surface is coated with envelope proteins. To deal with the infection of ZIKV, plenty of experiments have been done on selection of neutralizing antibodies that can target the envelope (E) protein on the surface of the virion. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Reproductive Cycle of a Zika virus in a Host Cell. Because symptoms are relatively mild and the disease is self-limiting, only supportive therapy is employed. This page was last edited on 11 May 2016, at 18:42. Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses are clinically important members of the Flaviviridae family with an 11 kb positive strand RNA genome that folds to enable virus function. Approximately 10 days later, Foy's wife showed signs of Zika fever while their four children remained healthy. It was later identified in humans in 1968 for the first time in Nigeria. Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, Roche C, Bierlaire D, Zisou K, Shan Yan A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Broult J. Benedict’s Test- Principle, Composition,…, Widal Test- Introduction, Principle, Procedure,…, Different Size, Shape and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells, Nutrient Agar: Composition, Preparation and Uses, MacConkey Agar- Composition, Principle, Uses,…, Differences between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria. The structure of ZIKV follows that of other flaviviruses. Since it was first detected in a human in Nigeria in 1952, ZIKV has generally caused cases of human infections in Africa, Asia, and Oceania only rarely. The core contains the RNA genome. The infection peaks around day two or three when symptoms peak, and then gradually taper off as the infection naturally clears in the course of approximately a week. However, there is no licensed vaccine or treatment currently available for ZIKV infections. Next, the virus membrane fuses with the endosomal membrane and the ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the cytoplasm of the host cell. The surface proteins are arranged in an icosahedral-like symmetry. Web. Structure du virion.....37 Figure 10. Incubation period in mosquitoes is about 10 days. An emerging method of classification known as the damage response framework seeks to incorporate the full scope of the host-pathogen interaction by gauging the effect on the host as a function of damage/benefit versus host immune response. The molecular mechanism of flavivirus assembly is not well understood. | Family = Flaviviridae To date, there are no reports of infants getting Zika virus through breastfeeding. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first isolated from a rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947. Viruses. Zika Virus (ZIKV). Potently neutralizing antibodies are of interest due to their prophylactic and therapeutic potential. The transmission of ZIKV is predominately through the use of mosquitoes as vectors. There has been total death of 152 as of 21 October 2015 in the world. "CDC Issues Guidelines for Pregnant Women during Zika Outbreak." They are enveloped, 18-45 nanometer in diameter.The genome is a positive strand RNA enclosed in a capsid and surrounded by a membrane. Illustration about The structure of Zika virus virion particle and genome, infographic template. Viral replication typically occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, but there is a study that shows ZIKV antigens can also be found in the nuclei of infected host cells. PCR: It is useful in the first 3-5 days after the onset of symptoms. Reuters. PCR tests should be conducted within 10 days of onset of illness. [2] ZIKV has also presented itself in the Western world in 2015 when it was isolated in Brazil, likely a result of the 2014 World Cup. While there are scarce resources describing ZIKV pathogenesis exclusively, the general consensus is that mosquito-borne flaviviruses replicate initially in the dendritic cells at the site of infection where it then spreads to other areas of the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. D. โดย Dzianis_Rakhuba. Enserink M. (2011) Sex After A Field Trip Yields Scientific First. Group IV: (+) sense single-stranded RNA virus In doing this, the course of symptomatic ZIKV infection can be analyzed. [3] Although there have yet to be serious complications arising from ZIKV, it's appearance across the globe, mosquito-driven transmission cycle, and possible spread via sexual contact make ZIKV an important emerging pathogen whose global impact is yet to be discovered. Arbre phylogénétique représentant les lignées asiatique et africaine du virus Zika.37 Figure 9. 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/zika-virus-spread-america-united-states-who-paho-419212. Zika virus is a flavivirus like the dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. Email. (2014) Molecular Evolution of Zika Virus during Its Emergence in the 20th Century. Surface view ( a and c ) and cross-section ( b and d ) of mature and immature ZIKV colored radially. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped, icosahedral flavivirus that has structural and functional similarities to other human flavivirus pathogens such as dengue (DENV), West … [9] For ZIKV, a variety of mosquitoes from the genus Aedes are viable vectors.These include A. africanus, A. aegypti, A. vitattus, A. furcifer, A. apicoargenteus, and A. luteocephalus. Since November, Brazil has seen nearly 4,000 cases of microcephaly in babies born to women who were infected with Zika during their pregnancies. As the understanding of microbial pathogenesis increases, so must our ways of classifying pathogeneis patterns. Infection with the virus appears to be linked to the development of unusually small heads and brain damage in newborns (microcephaly). We know that subsequent dengue infections bring a risk of antibody-dependent disease enhancement. These cross-reactive results were more common in patients that denoted signs of previous flavivirus infection than patients with primary ZIKV infection. Whereas emphasis has been placed on how prior dengue immunity affects Zika infection, little is known about … | species = Zika virus {|NCBI: Taxonomy Genome: Genome|}. Therefore, the damage response framework would look something similar to a curve in which damage occurs at a low host immune response and no damage occurs at a high host immune response. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. It was later identified in humans in 1968 for the first time in Nigeria. Black arrows indicate the density between the inner RNA core and the viral membrane (double-ended arrow shows the inside … More on Zika virus here VIRION. Evolution of viruses. Enveloped, spherical, about 50 nm in diameter. Assembly then occurs within the endoplasmic reiticulum and the new virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus and then excreted into the intracellular space where the new virions can infect new host cells. Both Dr. Foy and his Ph.D. student Kevin Kobylinski were bitten by numerous mosquitoes while abroad and became ill about 5 days after returning to the U.S. [3], The first well-documented case of Zika fever in 1964 describes symptoms as beginning with a headache and then continuing to include a maculopapular rash covering a significant portion of the body the following day. Zika virus disease has affected many countries and is becoming a major public health concern. There is no specific treatment or vaccine currently available. This transmission includes a mosquito vector and a mammalian host. [3] In 2015, ZIKV first appeared outside of Africa and Asia when it was isolated in Brazil where is has caused a minor outbreak following the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The vertebrate hosts of the virus are primarily monkeys and humans. Prior studies had established the structures of several of the DENV serotypes [3–7], WNV [8], and most recently JEV [9]. Faye O, Freire C, Iamarino A, Faye O, de Oliveira J, Diallo M, Zanotto P, Sall A. The spread of the virus led to reports of health problems such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and possibly microcephaly, a disease in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brains that have not developed properly. The WHO said a direct causal relationship between Zika virus infection and birth defects has not yet been established but is strongly suspected. SUMMARY Zika virus was discovered ∼70 years ago in Uganda and maintained a low profile as a human disease agent in Africa and Asia. The outbreak on Yap Island showed the maculopapular rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. In contrast to most other insect-transmitted flaviviruses, ZIKV also can be transmitted sexually and from mother to fetus in humans. 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